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Euoplocephalus tutus
(Lambe, 1910) |
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Name Means: |
"Well-Armored Head" |
Length: |
20 ft. (6.5 m) |
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Pronounced: |
YOU-Opp-low-Seff-uh-luss |
Weight: |
2 tons |
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When it lived: |
Late Cretaceous - 76 MYA |
Family: |
Ankylosauridae |
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Where found: |
Alberta, Canada; Montana, USA |
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Ankylosaurs (the clade
Ankylosauria) were a group of heavily armored plant-eating dinosaurs,
which are divided into two groups. (1) The
Nodosaurids had spikes running along the
sides of their bodies, pear-shaped heads, a toothless horny beak,
leaf-shaped teeth in the cheeks, and lacked a clubbed-tail. (2) The
Ankylosaurids which had a wide skull, massive legs and a tail club, .
They lived during the Cretaceous period. and included
Ankylosaurus, Amtosaurus, Saichania, Sauroplites, Tarchia and
Euoplocephalus.
Euoplocephalus was one of the largest of the ankylosaurian
dinosaurs. It was about the size of a small elephant. Within the
Ankylosaurids, only the Ankylosaurus and Tarchia were larger Euoplocephalus
had a flat, thick, triangular skull, small brain and a short neck. It
had a horny beak with small, weak, peg-like teeth. It's body was
low and fat and its tail ended in a heavy, bony club, which it carried
in a raised position. The tail was muscular, so the club could be
swung from side to side for defense. it weighted close to 50
pounds and was at the end of a seven-foot tail, which would have
permitted it be swung with great force. . but its long tail and
heavy club would have made a formidable defensive weapon. The club
weighed close to 50 pounds (20 kilos) and was on the end of a tail
that was nearly 7 feet (2 m) long. It could have easily crushed
the bones of a large predator.
Although Euoplocephalus was not as heavily
armored as some of its family members. It's entire head and body was
covered with bands of armor, which allowed a surprisingly amount of
flexibility. It was the first ankylosaurid discovered with armored
shutters that it could slide down to cover its eyelids. Each
narrow band of armor was composed of a thick oval plate embedded in
the thick surrounding skin, which was studded with short, horny spikes
(dermal scutes, like those of crocodiles), which were about 10 to 15
centimeters (4 to 6 inches) long. In addition to the spines running
down its back, Euoplocephalus had large horns growing from the
back of its head.
Only the underbelly of the Euoplocephalus
was unarmored. Like a porcupine, flipping it over may have been the
only way to harm it. A survey of dinosaur bones in Alberta, Canada
supports this, showing many bite marks on dinosaurs like the unarmored
Hadrosaurus, but none on the ankylosaurids. There is some
speculation, however, that the incredible biting power of the
Tyrannosaurus may have ultimately led to the species' extinction.
This may have been risky because a swing of the tail could cause
massive damage if it hit a predator in the stomach, or knocked its
legs out.
Internally, many bones were fused together to provide support
for the heavy armor. The backbone (the dorsal vertebrae) is merged
with the ribs, and several of the back bones in front of the hips
(presacral vertebrae) were also fused together into a rod. The tail is
made from hardened tissues, which are fused to the tail bones (known
as caudal vertebrae).
Euoplocephalus was plant eating (herbivorous)
dinosaur. It had a complicated nose design (nasal structure), which
indicates that it probably had a good sense of smell, and flexible
legs which it might have used for digging. The stiff, low-slung
dinosaur had poor teeth (weak dentition), so it must have grazed on
fleshy low-lying vegetation, and shallow tubers.
Euoplocephalus is the best known of all the
Ankylosaurs. It was discovered by Paleontologist
Lawrence Morris Lambe in 1902.
He first proposed the name Stereocephalus, but it had already
been given to an insect, so he changed it to Euoplocephalus in
1910. This new name has been misspelled more than a dozen different
ways in formal scientific literature. It was also once thought to be
the same genera as Ankylosaurus. The original species is
now known as Euoplocephalus tutus, and a second species,
Euoplocephalus acutosquameus (originally named Dyoplosaurus),
was discovered by William Arthur Parks
in 1924. While the two species have clubs with different shapes, they
may actually be the same species. Specimens now assigned to the
Tarchia and Ankylosaurus genera were also considered to be
species of Euoplocephalus at one point.
Fossils from more than 40 individuals have been discovered in
Alberta, Canada and Montana in the United States, making
Euoplocephalus the best known ankylosaurid. This fossil remains
include 15 skulls, teeth, and one almost-complete skeleton, found with
the armor still attached. The tail club is particularly common.
All the skeletons discovered have been isolated, so the
conventional wisdom is that all ankylosaurids were solitary. However
the discovery of a herd of 22 young
Pinacosaurus was announced in 1988, which indicates that
Euoplocephalus may have displayed herd behavior, at least as a
juvenile. |
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Edugraphics.Net | Feenixx Publishing |
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